Essay on Business Research for Decision Making - 1696 Words

Business Research for Decision Making The work of decision making involves choosing between issues that require attention, setting goals, designing suitable courses of action and choosing among several alternatives through the evaluation of each one of the alternatives. Of great importance in decision making is the choosing between the several alternatives. The effectiveness of this work of decision making is of great importance for the well being of every business activity and determines the success of every business (Kay Miranda). In the business setup, decisions that can be made could include product improvement, choice of an investment plan, business expansion and areas of improvement. For business leaders and thus the entire†¦show more content†¦The first assesses the degree to which repeated researches yield the same results; the second is based on the stability of measurements over time while the third is based on the similarity of measurements within a given period of time. On the other hand, Joppe (200 0) suggested that a valid research is one that truly measures what it was intended to measure. In other words, a valid research is one that provides true results. Quantitative research involves the use of experimental and quantitative measures to test general hypotheses (Hoepfl, 1997). Golafshani (2003) suggested that quantitative research is based on the measurement and the analysis of the causal relationship between variables. Through quantitative research, the researcher is familiarized with the concept to be studied and generates the hypothesis to be tested. As such, the mathematical process takes the norm for analyzing the numeric data and the information gathered takes a numeric form that can be quantified and summarized. Moreover, according to Charles (1995), the final result of the quantitative research is usually expressed in statistical terminologies. Another aspect of quantitative research, as seen from Golafshani (2003), is that it emphasizes on the facts and causal. Therefore, a qualitative researcher should construct an instrument, standardize it and administer it according to predetermined procedures. However, the concern, acc ording to Golafshani (2003), is on itsShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodology : Methods And Data For The Purpose Of Making Business Decisions Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pages(Kothari, 2004, p. 8)â€Å"Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem†. In another definition of the Research Methodology, based on (Research Methodology, 2016)â€Å"The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include published research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information†. It can be concluded that the research methodology is one ofRead MoreResearch in Decision Making1653 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC 1 DISCUSSION Why research is considered essential in the decision making function of management. Research may be defined as a systematic inquiry whose objective is to provide the information that will allow managerial problems to be solved. It is also seen as an activity that is often carried out by most people, knowingly or unknowingly in the course of their daily lives. It is a systematic inquiry whose objective is to provide the information that will allow managerial problems to be solvedRead MorePersonal Motives For Corporate Social Responsibility933 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotations and Critical Analysis Motives for Corporate Social Responsibility (Graafland, J. Mazereeuw-Van der Duijn Schouten, C. 2012) analyze the motivations of directors to take responsibility for the labor, environmental and social aspects in business. It distinguishes the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by conducting a survey consisting of a sample of 473 executives. What is more, the motives are classified as three types: â€Å"financial motives†, which is external, â€Å"ethical and altruistic†Read MoreImplementation Of Business Intelligence On Health Care Organization Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation of Business Intelligence on Health Care Organization Mounika Punreddy MS 611 – Project California University of Management and Sciences â€Æ' Abstract The proposed project would investigate critical issues been faced by the healthcare organizations in implementing the business intelligence solutions within the system. In spite of a number of research studies carried out on implementation framework for business intelligence tools, there is negligible literature available specific to theRead More Methods of Business Research Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesMethods of Business Research According to the American Marketing Association, marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and services. Marketing research is not a perfect science. It deals with people and their constantly changing feelings and behaviors, which are influenced by countless subjective factors. To conduct marketing research you must gather facts and opinions in an orderly, objective way toRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Making Of Bilingual People Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pages Summary: Due to the globalization international business is growing fast all over the world but specially in China and as a result of that many people speak both Chinese and English. This research paper discusses the ethical decision making of bilingual people to challenge the most common theory that ethical decisions does not differ regardless of what language the subject is making it in. Given the rapid globalization many accounting students and professionals speak multiple languages and thisRead MoreImproving Leadership Decision Making : Fear Of Lack Of Buy1045 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Leadership Decision-Making Fear of lack of buy-in. One of the most common areas of improvement for effective decision-making in times of uncertainty, is to avoid making decisions based only on the appeal to colleagues. Research shows that a fear of lack of buy-in or approval from colleagues should not be a motivator for making a decision. Examples include making decisions within the following motivators: a) decisions that will sit most comfortably with colleagues, b) be the most popularRead MoreEssay on MBA detail course outline1314 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Organizational Communication †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Principles of Management †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Research Methods †¢ Organization Theory †¢ Organization Theory †¢ Financial Accounting †¢ Financial Accounting †¢ Project Management Fundamentals 2nd Quarter †¢ Project Management Fundamentals †¢ Project ManagementRead MoreB2b Buyers Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesIDC survey reports that 3 out of 4 B2B buyers used social media to communicate with peers before making purchasing decisions. According to Accenture 94% of buyers research online before making the final decision. Research indicates that 64% of C-suite have the final sign-off on purchases. Overview Hello! Thanks for your question about who makes the buying decisions in the business to business training field. The short version is that Below you will find a deep dive of my findings. METHODOLOGY Read MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of business ethics in previous and current literature Previous Methodologies used for Studying Business Ethics Majority of the literature reviewed relied heavily on questionnaires and surveys as the chosen methodology. According to Rowley (2014), questionnaires are the â€Å"most widely used means of collecting data† (p. 308). However, when designing a questionnaire or survey researchers should consider the type of questions being used, sensitivity of questions asked, content and length

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 10 Free Essays

November 6, 1864 Damon is back, though it seems he was never actually gone. He has been watching me, baiting me, controlling me. He is the puppet master and I am his hapless marionette, forced to do his bidding. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until I saw Damon, I had not realized just how fond I had become of the Sutherlands, of how they eased my loneliness and gave me hope that I might not have to live in exile. Though I knew I had to leave them, I had dared to hope that by proving I could stay in control around them, my journey through this world might ultimately be less solitary. But Damon knows me all too well. He might have compelled the Sutherlands to accept me, but he didn’t compel me to stay in their presence. I could have slipped out this morning, could have run off in the park, could have disappeared into the crowd at the ball. And yet I stayed, because, as Damon no doubt predicted, I liked being part of a family again, even if just for a few fleeting days. Damon’s plan terrifies me – precisely because I don’t understand it. Why New York? Why the Sutherlands? Why involve me? If Damon was able to orchestrate everything, to so seamlessly weave his way into the Sutherlands’ lives and pave the way for my arrival, why stage such a spectacle? Why bother with a marriage? Why not just take Winfield to the bank and compel him and the teller to empty his vast accounts? Does he intend to live as a human? Does he need the marriage for legitimacy in New York society? Is he simply intent upon torturing me? Or is there something I’m missing? Some secret aim I can’t possibly begin to imagine†¦ All I have are questions. And I fear that the answers won’t come until the first dead body shows up. Later that Monday afternoon, I stood on the roof deck of one of the most amazing Federal-style houses ever built. Slim columns supported a soaring porch over a formal entrance, to which a grand, curved driveway rolled up as royally as a red carpet. From casement to cornice every detail was thoughtfully considered and never overdone. The dining room, large and oval, was (as near as I could tell) exactly the same as the one in the White House. The White House. In our new capital. That’s the sort of place the Commandant’s House was, as befitted the man who looked after the Brooklyn Naval Yards. What it lacked in size and modern touches (such as the Sutherlands’ residence), it more than made up for in perfectly manicured lawns, a fine orchard, and a spectacular view of Manhattan. The property was perched almost on a cliff surveying the East River and the city that was under the Navy’s protection. Commodore Matthew Perry himself had lived there earlier. I sighed at its magnificence. â€Å"No,† Bridget said, shaking her head decisively and heading back downstairs, picking up the train of her skirts in a very businesslike way. Her little entourage followed, laughing good-naturedly. â€Å"It’s too white,† joked Bram. â€Å"It’s too small,† added Hilda. â€Å"But it’s incredible! The views! The size! The†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said. â€Å"What’s wrong with this one?† â€Å"Placement. It’s in Brooklyn,† Bridget said, barely acknowledging her fiance. â€Å"No one goes to Brooklyn to be married.† Winfield and his wife looked at each other with old love, clearly remembering their own wedding. Apparently it had been quite modest – he had not made his fortune yet. Neither one of them had minded. And yet they were willing to indulge their youngest daughter in her most expensive flights of fancy. Lydia smiled and murmured something to Damon, who wasn’t really paying attention. She didn’t mind where she was married. While it was to be a double feature with us two â€Å"happy† couples tying the knot at the same time, she had graciously allowed her sister to decide all the details. The Sutherlands were at least nominally Episcopal, but apparently neither Damon’s nor my religion, or lack thereof, was a bother, nor was a proper church necessary to the proceedings; a family chapel – a very rich family’s chapel – would be enough. Bridget was very modern that way. â€Å"So why did we bother seeing those mansions on Prospect Park?† Margaret muttered. â€Å"If Brooklyn is out, I mean.† â€Å"I rather liked the one with all the Romanesque arches,† I said, eager to get this portion of the sham weddings out of the way. â€Å"Fear not, brother,† Damon said, chucking me on the shoulder. â€Å"Only four more to go. Back in Manhattan.† We clattered down the steep, wooden, and rather old-fashioned stairs to the ground floor, thanking the butler for letting us in. Then it was a walk back down to the Fulton Ferry landing, where a boat would take us across to a veritable caravan of carriages for the long uptown commute. â€Å"This would be a nice place for an ice cream parlor,† Lydia remarked, walking around the dock pensively. â€Å"You want an ice cream?† Damon asked, as if to a four-year-old. If being with Bridget was bad enough, with me constantly cringing at the things that came out of her mouth, the nervous tension of waiting for Damon to say or do something horrible was even worse. I was on pins and needles the entire day. Because Damon would say something horrible, at some point, to Lydia, as soon as he tired of playing the game of attentive suitor. His attention span for games – other than ones he was betting on – was incredibly limited. â€Å"Yes,† Lydia said. â€Å"And there’s no ice cream here. And there should be.† â€Å"Won’t matter,† Bridget said, trying to add something useful to the conversation. â€Å"Soon there’s going to be a giant bridge and this will all be shaded off and there won’t be anything except for loud carriages and the stink of horses.† Bram, the original source of this information, shook his head. â€Å"No, Bridgey, the angle is fine. Look where the sun is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I leaned on a dock railing, surveying our little party. The girls in this setting looked like a scene from a painting, the four ladies’ cheeks rosy with sunlight and the exertion of the day, the long ribbons from their straw hats blowing in the wind, their fluffy walking skirts swept up against their legs by the sea breeze. They were all beautiful, and for just a moment I could forget my present situation. Margaret bought a paper from a newsboy to read on the trip over. It was a fine day for a boat ride and strangely the East River didn’t repel me the way fresh running water usually did. Bridget went to sit down inside the ferry, not wanting any more sun on her skin, which was ironic and hilarious considering my own situation. I was relaxing for the first time that day, my face up to the sun, letting my Mediterranean skin take on a bronzed, healthy glow. And then Margaret plopped down in the seat next to me. â€Å"You seem to be at least a bit more reasonable than the other fiance,† Margaret snapped. â€Å"Tell me. What do you want with my family. Money? The business? What?† I groaned inwardly. â€Å"You have to believe me,† I said, fixing her blue eyes with my own hazel ones. Without compelling her, I willed my voice to sound as genuine as I could. I took her arms in my hands, which was bold, but I needed her to understand. â€Å"I am not after Bridget’s wealth. All I want is your family’s safety and happiness. I swear to you by whatever you want.† â€Å"That’s just the problem. I don’t know what your word is worth. I don’t know you. Nobody knows you,† Margaret said. Sighing, she took off her hat. â€Å"It’s just†¦ so†¦ odd. I can see why Bridget likes you, you’re certainly handsome and well-mannered†¦.† I cast my eyes down, embarrassed. â€Å"But really – no papers, no history, just an escapee of the South? This is Bridget we’re talking about. She wanted Papa to take us all on a tour of Europe so she could capture the heart of a king, or prince, or at least a duke. Nothing less than royalty for her. And no offense, you’re about as far from royalty as one can get.† â€Å"Well, and Lydia got her count, I suppose.† â€Å"Yes,† Margaret said thoughtfully. She eyed me, pushing a black tendril of hair back behind her ear. â€Å"And what about Damon DeSangue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shrugged, trying to look innocent. â€Å"What do you think of him? The two of you have been†¦ unusually close since your double declarations of love.† I stared into the distance south, where the mighty Hudson and East rivers joined and became the sea. I shaded the city from my eyes, blocking it out, and the sun was bright white and rose over ancient, exotic waters. How much could I tell her without endangering her? She seemed to be the only one in the family with a sensible head on her shoulders. I thought once more about Katherine and whether my family would have been better prepared with some warning. â€Å"Don’t trust him,† I finally admitted, hoping I wasn’t putting her at greater risk. â€Å"I don’t.† â€Å"Hm.† She looked over at Damon, who was talking animatedly with Bram and Winfield. â€Å"Neither do I.† Bridget had chosen the next few venues to visit as far away as it was possible to get from where we were. The mansion of the Richards was near Fort Tryon on the northern tip of Manhattan, while the Fulton Ferry dock was at the southeastern end. The slow ride in our carriages from downtown gave me an almost panopticon’s view of city life. Slowly going up Fifth Avenue, I was amazed by the sheer difference in fortune of the people who made their home in New York – from the often shoeless newsboys and schmatta, or rag-sellers, to people like Winfield, who sat in his gilded private carriage, puffing on a cigar. We stopped for lunch about halfway there at the Mount Vernon Hotel on Sixty-first Street, where Bridget continued to discuss her outfit for the wedding. â€Å"†¦ and Darla had her dress in muslin, out of respect for the war, but it’s almost over, and I think I should have a new pair of earrings, don’t you, Papa? Stefan, darling, there is the most fantastic pair of pearl earrings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon cleared his throat. â€Å"Bridget, you should absolutely have new earrings. And your outfit sounds good enough to eat, don’t you agree, Stefan?† I stood up from the table, unable to enjoy the nice repast of cold chicken, fresh bread, fish, and tea that had been set before us, and unable to listen to another word of my fiancee’s mindless prattling or my brother’s endless teasing. â€Å"I must go take some air,† I excused myself, and would have stumbled over the bench on my speedy way out if I didn’t have the grace of a vampire. I should not have been exhausted; I’d endured far worse. Living hungry in the middle of Central Park and hunting small prey was far more physically demanding than sitting in a carriage, looking at houses, and listening to the youngest member of the Sutherland family babble on about meaningless things. But as I had not fed since the squirrel the day before, I was famished and weak, as if I was enduring a transatlantic journey. A quick, silent trip to the kitchens revealed exactly what I had hoped – rats, of course. Not too many, and mostly in the breezeway between the cold house and the pantry. With a flash of my hand I grabbed one and broke its neck, sucking the poor thing dry, all without losing control. It was easy, with such disgusting fare. A low noise, a muffled sigh, made me turn and look up guiltily, rat blood leaking down my lips. Damon stood there holding a waitress around her throat, fangs out and ready to feast. She had the dumb, slightly breathless look of someone who was under a spell. â€Å"I see we both slipped out for the same thing,† Damon said, pleased. He raised a lip in disgust at the rat in my hand. â€Å"Although, really, you can do better.† He lifted his head back, ready to tear – â€Å"Please – don’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I put up my hand helplessly. â€Å"Please don’t kill her,† I begged. Damon paused. â€Å"All right,† he said gamely. â€Å"I won’t kill her. As an early wedding present! Just for you.† I closed my eyes, seeing the horror of the future before me. By implying he wasn’t going to kill this girl, as a present, there was the assumption that there would of course be other murders, later on. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 10, Essay examples

Ip Assignment free essay sample

Lowest The more fat a person has, the less water present. Female facing forward 40% 4. List the three fluid compartments and the percentage of total body water in each. A. Intracellular 62% b. Interstitial 30% c. Plasma 8% 5. Give an example of each of the following solutes: a. Ions/electrolytes Sodium b. Colloids Proteins c. Nonlinearities Glucose 6. List the major extracurricular and intracellular actions and anions a. Extracurricular actions: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium anions: Bicarbonate, Sulfate,Protein, Organic acids, Phosphates, and Chloride b. Intracellular actions: Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium anions: Bicarbonate, Sulfate, Protein, Phosphates and Chloride 7. Within a fluid compartment, the total number of positive charges must be equal to the total number of negative charges. 8. Name four of the seven functions given for electrolytes: a. Cofactors for enzymes b. Action potentials in neuron and muscle cells c. Secretion and action of hormones and neurotransmitters d. Muscle contraction .Osmosis: When more solute particles are added to one side of a container with a selectively permeable membrane, which way will the water move? From the side with more water and less solute to the side with less water and more solute. We will write a custom essay sample on Ip Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 10. What happens to a patients red blood cells when the following solutions are given: a. Hypotonic solution.

Recruitment Selection free essay sample

Project proposal for Recruitment and Selection Topic: Qualitative study of recruitment and selection process of management trainees in SAIL, a Maharatna company. Motivation for choice: As SAIL is a Maharatna company with a huge workforce, recruitment and selection is a prime area of concern for the organization. Steel industry is a labour intensive industry and requires effective managers to achieve high labour productivity. RS process of SAIL is carried out at national level once in a year. Job person match as well as job organization match is important to the organization. To ensure person job fit, robust recruitment and selection system is needed. Objectives: * To study the recruitment process of SAIL, a Public Sector Unit. * Analysis of recruitment and selection tools being used * To find out why the tools are used and what alternatives are possible * Suggest improvements wherever possible * Try to measure the effectiveness of the whole process by conducting surveys. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment Selection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Methodology: * Literature review to find out RS processes and their applicability * Annual report analysis for take on Human Resource Planning * Analysis of recruitment process: Mode of communication, channels, frequency, application process, talent pool, job description, requirements, internal vs. external recruitment etc. * Selection process analysis: tiers of selection, criterion of selection, type of tests, validity of test etc. Legal issues, affirmative action’s. * Conditions of employment: remuneration, probation, facilities, fringe benefits work conditions, etc. * Qualitative analysis of lacunas in the process and suggestions for alternatives * Interviews of selected employees on job and personal aspiration fit. * Use of some quantitative tools (depending upon data availability) to assess effectiveness of the processes.

South African Racialism essays

South African Racialism essays Racialism Research Assignment ________________________________________ Hypothesis: that racialism began to develop in South Africa when the Dutch first arrived. It gradually worsened as the white population took advantage of the native Blacks, and the government system of Apartheid was introduced, despite attempts to alleviate it such as protests and rallies. Finally, in the latter part of the twentieth century outside pressure forced the Apartheid system to disappear and South Africas first black president emerged. Racialism began to develop in South Africa when the first white settlement was founded in 1652, which was established by the Dutch East India Company. However, shortage of labour quickly led to two decisions that were to have far-reaching consequences on South Africas history (Encarta Encyclopaedia, (2000): South Africa, Republic of). One of the decisions was the allowed use of slave labour, which originally involved imported workers from India and Indonesia, but as importation can be a costly business, and some labourers fall ill on the voyages, it wasnt long until some the local black populace was doing the Dutchs work. The other decision was former company servants were allowed to become free burghers (Encarta Encyclopaedia, (2000): South Africa, Republic of), which meant they were allowed to set up farms outside of the settlement. These farmers eventually became known as Boers. Many of the early Dutch settlers were devout Calvinists, who believe in predestination. Predestination is the eternal destiny of a person is predetermined by God's unchangeable decree (Encarta Encyclopaedia, (2000): Predestination). Unfortunately for the Negroes of South Africa, it was interpreted that the black mans destination was eternal damnation, and that they were less than the white man. We call predestination God...

Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet Timeline

Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet Timeline Zheng He is justly famous as the commander in chief of seven voyages of Ming Chinas treasure fleet, between 1405 and 1433. The great Muslim eunuch admiral spread the word of Chinas wealth and power as far as Africa and brought countless emissaries and exotic goods back to China. Timeline June 11, 1360- Zhu Di born, fourth son of future Ming Dynasty founder. Jan. 23, 1368- Ming Dynasty founded. 1371- Zheng He born to Hui Muslim family in Yunnan, under birth name of Ma He. 1380- Zhu Di made Prince of Yan, sent to Beijing. 1381- Ming forces conquer Yunnan, kill Ma Hes father (who was still loyal to the Yuan Dynasty) and capture the boy. 1384- Ma He is castrated and sent to serve as a eunuch in the Prince of Yans household. June 30, 1398-July 13, 1402- Reign of the Jianwen Emperor. August 1399- Prince of Yan rebels against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. 1399- Eunuch Ma He leads Prince of Yans forces to victory at Zheng Dike, Beijing. July 1402- Prince of Yan captures Nanjing; the Jianwen Emperor (probably) dies in palace fire. July 17, 1402- The Prince of Yan, Zhu Di, becomes the Yongle Emperor. 1402-1405- Ma He serves as Director of Palace Servants, the highest eunuch post. 1403- Yongle Emperor orders the construction of a huge fleet of treasure junks at Nanjing. Feb. 11, 1404- Yongle Emperor awards Ma He the honorific name Zheng He. July 11, 1405-Oct. 2 1407- First voyage of the Treasure Fleet, led by Admiral Zheng He, to Calicut, India. 1407- Treasure Fleet defeats pirate Chen Zuyi at Straights of Malacca; Zheng He takes pirates to Nanjing for execution. 1407-1409- Second Voyage of Treasure Fleet, again to Calicut. 1409-1410- Yongle Emperor and Ming army battle the Mongols. 1409-July 6, 1411- Third Voyage of Treasure Fleet to Calicut. Zheng He intervenes in a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) succession dispute. Dec. 18, 1412-August 12, 1415- Fourth Voyage of the Treasure Fleet to the Straits of Hormuz, on the Arabian Peninsula. Capture of the pretender Sekandar in Semudera (Sumatra) on return trip. 1413-1416- Yongle Emperors second campaign against the Mongols. May 16, 1417- Yongle Emperor enters the new capital city at Beijing, leaves Nanjing forever. 1417-August 8, 1419- Fifth Voyage of the Treasure Fleet, to Arabia and East Africa. 1421-Sept. 3, 1422- Sixth Voyage of the Treasure Fleet, to East Africa again. 1422-1424- Series of campaigns against the Mongols, led by the Yongle Emperor. Aug. 12, 1424- Yongle Emperor suddenly dies of a possible stroke while fighting the Mongols. Sept. 7, 1424- Zhu Gaozhi, the eldest son of the Yongle Emperor, becomes the Hongxi Emperor. Orders a stop to the Treasure Fleet voyages. May 29, 1425- The Hongxi Emperor dies. His son Zhu Zhanji becomes the Xuande Emperor. June 29, 1429- The Xuande Emperor orders Zheng He to take one more voyage. 1430-1433- Seventh and final Voyage of the Treasure Fleet travels to Arabia and East Africa. 1433, Exact date unknown- Zheng He dies and is buried at sea on the return leg of the seventh and  final voyage. 1433-1436- Zheng Hes companions Ma Huan, Gong Zhen and Fei Xin publish accounts of their travels.

Landscape painting of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape painting of China - Essay Example Monumental landscape was ordinarily depicted to express power and dominance. In principle, their encompassed mountains as the dominant feature and other features belittled to reduce their significance. Also, it showed or compared the insignificant nature of the natural human being relative to the natural grandeur. It is safe to assert that the natural power and eminence could be compared to political power. The metaphoric aspect of the landscape on the other hand, was used to show the hierarchy and social structures of the human society. For instance, â€Å"A solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks,† was associated and attributed to Li Cheng had a gigantic mountain in the background and a temple in the middle of picture. There is also other features of people on the lower periphery of the picture being depicted as little and insignificant at the might of the ruling political class. Li Cheng was a ruling family in the political imperialism of Sony dynasty. Thus, the painting had de ep political meaning and symbolism. Generally, the painting symbolized political stability and peace of the Sony dynasty. It is important to note and mention that the huge structure of the mountain is express and easy to notice. The mountain represented the power of the emperor, the ruling class and political might. The situation was deliberate so as to compare of juxtapose the little figure of the people at the bottom of the painting as little or even insignificant. In all aspects and fairness, this is a representation an intuition.

The lilly ledbetter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The lilly ledbetter - Essay Example Notably, the president acknowledged that the nation’s economy can work if it works for everyone. He also added that citizens should not be favored in terms of pay on the basis of gender, religion, disability, race, ethnicity, and age because that is not only prejudicial and unlawful but also unfit for business (Office of the Press Secretary 1). At the time of the passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay bill to law, the Republicans opposed the bill as drafted. Howard McKeon, an Education and Labor Committee member, raised the matter that company executives would be held responsible for deeds undertaken by supervisors and managers who had left the company a long time ago (Office of the Press Secretary 1). For instance, this will allow a retiring worker to seek for compensation from the company now run by executives who had no hand with the past acts of favoritism. In my opinion, the Lilly Ledbetter Law should remain a federal law. This is because it offers women opportunities for equal pay. Women need to be in a nation that treasures their contributions, that offers no limitations to their dreams n that offers them opportunities they had never imagined. Office of the Press Secretary. "Remarks of President Barack Obama on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act Bill Signing." The White House. N.p., 29  Jan.  2009. Web. 25  Jan.  2014.

Wireless radio signals Essay Example for Free

Wireless radio signals Essay Coverage area: The space in which the wireless radio signals in one wireless LAN can effectively reach and be used to send and receive data between the WLAN’s APs and its clients. Shared bandwidth: A term referring to how some networks must share the right to send data by taking turns, which limits the total number of bits sent by all devices (the network’s total capacity). Wi-Fi: A term created by the Wi-Fi Alliance as part of its overall wireless LAN branding and marketing strategy; this term has become somewhat synonymous with wireless LAN over time. LAN edge: A reference to the part of the campus LAN with the end-user devices and the switches to which they connect, through an Ethernet switch or a wireless LAN access point, that contains the largest number of physical links. WLAN hotspot: A location, typically in a business like a retailer or restaurant, where customers can come and go and where the company offers a wireless LAN plus Internet access to its customers, often for free. Basic Service Set: In wireless LANs, a single wireless access point (AP) and the client devices that send data to/from that AP. Extended Service Set: A wireless LAN in which all devices communicate through one wireless access point at a time, but the wireless LAN has at least two access points that cooperate to create the single wireless LAN. Unlicensed frequency band: A set of consecutive frequencies reserved by national regulators (like the FCC in the United States), with the regulations allowing anyone’s devices to use the frequencies, although all must follow certain rules (like limiting power) so that all can get along when using the same frequencies. Nonoverlapping channels: In wireless LANs, channels (frequency ranges) used for sending data for which the frequencies do not overlap, which allows multiple devices to send data at the same time in the same space. Management and control frames: 802.11 frames defined for some overhead function in 802.11, instead of being a data frame, which carries upper-layer information. Service Set ID (SSID): The formal term for the name of a wireless LAN, as advertised in Beacon frames.

Free Candide Essays: Politically Incorrect :: Candide essays

The Politically Incorrect Candide    Candide is a story that should be added to every canon in literature. It is a story that addresses issues about human nature that other stories choose to ignore.   It addresses issues such as human nature, optimism, and religion and state.   These elements give an insight and a perspective that readers do not usually get in every day literature.   These elements are controversial, but from an honest point of view.   Voltaire never tries to be politically correct – he tells it like it is or at least tells it like he sees things.   Not only does Voltaire address the ignorance of mankind, but also he directly challenges the integrity of the church and state.   This, in Voltaire's day and often times in modern days, can prove to be quite dangerous. Through all of this, Voltaire sternly opposes many issues of religion and state.   Because of these dangerous issues, Voltaire was forced to deny his writing of Candide.   By Voltaire's death in 1778, Candide had climbed to fifty editions and became the best seller of the eighteenth century. (pg.11 Weitz)         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the conflict prevalent in the story of Candide, it makes this story a good topic for discussion in a classroom setting.   There is much debating that can be done over many topics.   The range of offensive topics in Candide is sure to strike a nerve in every one in some way, shape or form.   Or, at least bring up issues valuable enough for discussion. Candide is a story the students, in some parts can relate to, and possibly in other parts be offended by.   It is a novel that by all means should be read by every one to experience a perspective that is none too often revealed in literature especially in the day that Voltaire wrote Candide. Free Candide Essays: Politically Incorrect :: Candide essays The Politically Incorrect Candide    Candide is a story that should be added to every canon in literature. It is a story that addresses issues about human nature that other stories choose to ignore.   It addresses issues such as human nature, optimism, and religion and state.   These elements give an insight and a perspective that readers do not usually get in every day literature.   These elements are controversial, but from an honest point of view.   Voltaire never tries to be politically correct – he tells it like it is or at least tells it like he sees things.   Not only does Voltaire address the ignorance of mankind, but also he directly challenges the integrity of the church and state.   This, in Voltaire's day and often times in modern days, can prove to be quite dangerous. Through all of this, Voltaire sternly opposes many issues of religion and state.   Because of these dangerous issues, Voltaire was forced to deny his writing of Candide.   By Voltaire's death in 1778, Candide had climbed to fifty editions and became the best seller of the eighteenth century. (pg.11 Weitz)         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the conflict prevalent in the story of Candide, it makes this story a good topic for discussion in a classroom setting.   There is much debating that can be done over many topics.   The range of offensive topics in Candide is sure to strike a nerve in every one in some way, shape or form.   Or, at least bring up issues valuable enough for discussion. Candide is a story the students, in some parts can relate to, and possibly in other parts be offended by.   It is a novel that by all means should be read by every one to experience a perspective that is none too often revealed in literature especially in the day that Voltaire wrote Candide.

James Joyce †A Little Cloud (in: Dubliners) Essay

A Little Cloud has not generated significant critical debate, despite Warren Beck’s unorthodox interpretation of the denouement in 1969. Chandler’s relationship with his son – not with his wife Annie or journalist/ friend Gallaher – could be the crucial, epiphanal element of the story – Joyce portraying a father who is just beginning to ‘learn [†¦] what the heart is and what it feels’ (A Portrait 252), a man whose conscience is awakened, despite his flaws. However, scholars have generally agreed that the ineffectual protagonist abuses his infant son and refuses to take responsibility for his own shortcomings. The story ends with the following paragraph: ‘Little Chandler felt his cheeks suffused with shame and he stood back out of the lamplight. He listened while the paroxysm of the child’s sobbing grew less and less: and tears of remorse started to his eyes.’ (81) Though it’s likely that Chandler is genui nely sorry for having frightened his son, most Joyceans insist that the protagonist cries out of self-pity, that his ‘epiphany’, if he does experience one, is egocentric – of a man who may dream and suffer but who will never ‘produce’. Except for Beck, many veteran Joyce scholars affirm that A Little Cloud develops the famous ‘paralysis’-theme and that it complements, in tone and circumstance, the other pieces which precede the final story, The Dead. Walzl believes that ‘The Dead seems to reverse the pattern of increasing insensibility that Dubliners other-wise traces’ and that no one prior to Gabriel, the protagonist, ‘undergoes a com-parable change or has such an enlightenment’. Similarly, Ghiselin suggests that A Little Cloud fits into the over-all schema of Dubliners by representing the sin of envy. Ruoff asserts that the story ‘describes a would-be artist’s pathetic failure to transcend a narrow existence of his own creation’, and Bernard Benstock’s inter-pretation mentions that Chandler ‘regresses to adolescent self-pity’. Indeed, all focus on Chandler’s ‘sloth, his cowardice, his self-delusion, and his final rage and humiliation’ assert that he is ‘shamed, not ashamed’. But what with Joyce’s use of ‘remorse’? Probably the most important reason for assuming that Chandler is not enlightened by his experience involves several of Joyce’s own statements. A Little Cloud was written in the early months of 1906, when Joyce was 23 and the father of a six-month-old son, Giorgio. But In 1904, speaking about Dubliners, he had told a friend that he wanted ‘to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city’ (Letters 55). Another frequently quoted letter asserts, ‘It is not my fault that the odour of ashpits and old weeds and offal hangs round my stories’ (Letters 63-64). The combination of ‘paralysis’ and ‘odour’, then, while justified by many details in the works themselves, may have also clouded our perception of scattered, positive sensations which some of the pieces generate. As Gillespie argues, ‘The opinion that this [negative] attitude dominates the final form of the stories [†¦] oversimplifies Joyce’s emotional attitude toward his country and unjustly circumscribes the artistic potential of the work’. Similarly, Garrison observes that ‘Joyce’s explicit statements concerning his artistic intentions in Dubliners are not very useful as a basis for interpretation’. Although Joyce’s defense of his work provided us with an opportunity to clarify his intent, it probably was not meant to narrowly limit or define our reactions as readers. If Joyce at least partially intended the final story, The Dead, as a tribute to the more positive aspects of Dublin culture (Letters II 166), it is not unreasonable to discern a hint of this attitude in A Little Cloud. Joyce once told his sister, ‘The most important thing that can happen to a man is the birth of a child’, and since his only son and first-born child was about six months old when A Little Cloud was begun in the early months of 1906, life circumstances are relevant to this discussion. But such issues do not necessarily help us interpret the story, for Joyce might, after all, have been drawing a portrait of an unfit father. Reviewing the story’s link to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man while examining information about the young writer should enrich our understanding of his state of mind, reveal key similarities and differences between Joyce and his protagonist, and test the validity of an alternate reading of this story. In general, Chandler’s disposition is melancholic, ‘but it [is] a melancholy tempered by recurrences of faith and resignation and simple joy’ (68). He is fastidious about his appearance and, probably, careful about his work even though he finds it ‘tiresome’ (65). Joyce also emphasizes Little Chandler’s shortcomings throughout the story. He lives in a ‘little house’, reads by a ‘little lamp’, drinks ‘small whiskies’, displays ‘childish white front teeth’, and is given ‘short answers’ by his prim wife. Joyce invites us to imagine an ordinary man, still capable of a dream, but ruled by circumstances and his own, considerable inadequacies. Joyce employs important imagery which firmly links this story to central Joycean themes: ‘[T]he thought that a poetic moment had touched him took life within him like an infant hope [†¦] A light began to tremble on the horizon of his mind. He was not so old–thirty-two’ (68, emphasis added). Linking ‘infant hope’ with ‘a light’ so early in this story hints at Joyce’s lifelong interest in the ‘consubstantiation’ of father and son as well as procreation in the literary sense (Ulysses 32, 155). By the time Joyce wrote A Little Cloud, both physical and artistic generation had become realities. Of course, the reader soon realizes that Chandler won’t succeed, despite his ‘soul’, for he is not original and hopes to capitalize on popular trends, although he realistically admits that ‘he will never be popular’ and hopes only to ‘appeal to a little circle of kindred minds’ (68). Recalling Joyce’s claim in 1904 that only ‘two or three unfortunate wretches [†¦] may eventually read me’ (Ellmann 163) offers an interesting echo. The location of Chandler’s poetic ‘mood’ is also relevant, for it may be based on one of Joyce’s own experiences. A similar incident occurs at a pivotal point in A Portrait. In Chapter 4, Joyce presents a rare interaction between the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, and his brothers and sisters during the family tea. Structurally, this scene occurs at an important juncture. Immediately preceding the epiphany of ‘profane joy’ which Stephen experiences on the beach while watching a girl wading, this episode also follows the interview with the religious director of his school, after which Stephen decides not to become a priest. As he walks home to a squalid, over-crowded house, interesting parallels to A Little Cloud occur. Like Chandler, he crosses a bridge, symbolically connected to opposing attractions, but clearly, like Chandler, moving toward a new possibility. Stephen notices a shrine to the Virgin which is ‘in the middle of a hamshaped e ncampment of poor cottages’ (162). Unlike Chandler, however, Stephen does not romanticize the image, for he actually lives here, and he laughs to think of the man ‘considering in turn the four points of the sky and then regretfully plunging his spade in the earth’ (162). Without even a hint of rain, the man must begin work. The cloud image in this scene of Portrait is intentionally delayed. Stephen, the university student, then enters his home and finds his brothers and sisters seated at the table. He realizes the contrast between his privileged position as the eldest son and theirs: ‘The sad quiet greyblue of the dying day came through the window and the open door, covering over and allaying quietly a sudden instinct of remorse in Stephen’s heart. All that had been denied them had been freely given to him, the eldest: but the quiet glow of evening showed him in their faces no sign of rancour.’ (163) After one of his sisters, who is as nameless as Chandler’s son, tells him that the family has once again been evicted, her similarly unnamed little brother begins to sing. The others join in, and Stephen thinks, ‘They would sing so for hours [†¦] till the last pale light died down on the horizon, till the first dark nightclouds came forth and night fell’ (163). But Joyce does not end Stephen’s musings on a negative note, just as he does not seem to end A Little Cloud with a protagonist who pities himself more than his screaming son. Stephen remembers ‘that Newman had heard this note also [†¦] giving utterance, like the voice of Nature herself, to that pain and weariness yet hope of better things which has been the experience of her children in every time.’ (164). Despite their circumstances, the children sing. Faced with the guilt of primacy, the oldest son is forgiven by his brothers and sisters. Again, Stephen’s vision is superior to Chandler’s. He will retain the mood of this experience, be more receptive to future encounters, and sustain an ethos which will allow him to reject home and family to pursue an artist’s life, perhaps with a family of his own making. Stephen is an artist; Chandler only longs to be one. However, in a collection of stories which includes a series of married men who beat children (Mr. Hill in Eveline, Farrington of Counterparts, and Old Jack of Ivy Day in the Committee Room), Chandler faces the truth about himself after merely shouting at his son. His experience prepares us for Gabriel’s, just as the family tea prepares us for the strongest epiphany of Portrait. And, although Joyce would work as a clerk in Rome a few months after mailing A Little Cloud off to the publisher and felt superior to his fellow employees who ‘were forever having something wrong with their testicles†¦ or their anuses’, Chandler, unlike them, is fastidious about his manners and appearance and at least longs for an artist’s life. The first portion of A Little Cloud also reminds us of Joyce’s sentimental, poetic temperament while living in Paris as a medical student from December 1902 until April 1903, wh en he was called home because of his mother’s illness. Stanislaus reports, ‘He told me that often when he had no money and had had nothing to eat he used to walk about reciting to himself for consolation, like ‘Little Chandler’ in Dubliners, his own poems or others he knew by heart or things he happened to be writing then.’ (My Brother’s 231-21) All three have an opennesss to life and desire and are willing to ‘struggle against fortune’. Through the encounter with Gallaher, Chandler appears provincial, timid, curious about ‘immoral’ sexual practices, but he definitely emerges as the better human being, and inches the reader toward sympathy. We can safely assume that, whatever Chandler’s weaknesses, Joyce had an even lower opinion of Gallaher, letting Chandler considering himself superior ‘in birth and education’. (75) Unlike O’Hara, a character in the story who fails because of ‘boose’ and ‘other things’ (70), Chandler is abstemious, employed, married, and a parent (unlike most of the Irish middle class, which was experiencing tremendous economic hardships and either postponed marriage or abandoned it altogether). On the other hand, the reader experiences Gallaher’s inflated ego and patronizing attitude toward ‘dear dirty Dublinâ€⠄¢ and toward his friend. Incapable of the kind of wit which might successfully redeem his position, Chandler is ultimately defeated; however, our sympathies lie not with the victor but with the young clerk and father. Gallaher may have had the ability to ‘fly by [the] nets [†¦] of nationality, language, religion’, an aim to which the protagonist of Joyce’s next major work aspires (A Portrait 203), but he is little more than a bragging, rude scribbler in the worst Swiftian sense. A new notion in the Dubliners tales is that escape from Ireland does not necessarily equal salvation. ‘If you wanted to succeed you had to get away’, Little Chandler thinks, echoing the thoughts of the boy in An Encounter (‘real adventures . . . must be sought abroad’). And yet Gallaher, who got away, has succeeded in only the most superficial sense. Despite having seen London, Paris and heard talk of Berlin, he is shallow, boorish, and alone. The story reveals that Chandler, however remote from being either a poet or the ‘old hero’ which Gallaher initially calls him, remains physically and morally the more appealing character. Still, Chandler himself probably feels anything but heroic, and during the gap between scenes, we imagine him returning, deflated, to his family. Like the dog viewing his reflection in the pond, Chandler drops his bone in envy of Gallaher’s, preferring the exotic narrative not of his own experience. His mood at the beginning of the final scene in the story is reflective, self-pitying, and, ultimately, enraged. However, the intensity of his son’s suffering (‘If it died!’) and the coldness of his wife’s accusation eventually result in unselfish shame and genuine contrition. Chandler’s dreams complement, not dominate, his daily world. Allusion was a serious business in Joyce’s creative paradigm. Despite the irony of a ‘candle-maker’ or ‘candle-seller’ as a failed artist, Little Tommy Chandler’s tears suggest that he has turned from the worship of a false god (Gallaher and, perhaps, Romanticism) to the true religion of hearth and home through the unconscious intervention of his son as savior, as ‘little lamb of the world’. The final clause of the story, ‘tears of remorse started to his eyes’, is precise. Joyce does not write ‘tears of self-pity’; nor does he promote ambiguity by merely saying ‘tears started to his eyes’. When Chandler ‘back[s] out of the lamplight’, he passes the torch to the next generation, genuinely contrite. Unlike Gallaher, Stephen Dedalus, and Joyce himself, Chandler will remain in Dublin, return to his daily tasks, and pay off the furniture. Yet, he may also foster the growth of an artist. He is, indeed, ‘a prisoner for life’, but the prison walls offer the hope of graffiti, for the child represents creativity as well as responsibility, and the story offers an early treatment of a central Joycean theme.

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay

Abstract Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. The main source of information are geographic, demographic, and statistic data. These data are usually collected and maintained by several institutions and come in a variety of forms and formats. The final integrators acquire datasets, sort, filter and organize them, and offer in advance defined analyses. In this paper we focus on geomarketing services offered on the Internet where usually no physical good is exchanged. The subject of trade is geomarketing information the user is able to extract from the datasets. The main issue is how to set a Pareto efficient price for geomarketing information. The situation is Pareto efficient when the sum of user’s and service provider’s surplus is maximized. We investigate nonlinear pricing strategies and their efficiency to serve mass markets and attract users with different willingness to pay. Nonlinear pricing is used in a broader sense to include the practice of selling the same information product on various vertical markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. The market research for the GISMO project (Krek et al. 2000) showed that the US market differs substantially from the European. It has characteristics of a commodity market, where providers offer very similar or equal products at similar prices. This is feasible only if the prices for raw datasets, which represent the main barrier to enter the market, are low or zero. Competition among service providers drives prices down and enables them to successfully serve a mass market. The European approach is mostly determined by the high prices of datasets and restrictions on the copyright forced by the National Mapping Agencies. This prevents further production and creation of information products and serves only a narrow group of users with high willingness to pay. We list the most i mportant conditions for Pareto efficient nonlinear pricing of geoinformation services. 1 Introduction Price is a very important element of trade. It can only be discussed in relation to what is offered, how much value the potential user attaches to the product and how much he is willing to pay for it. A geomarketing service in this paper serves as an example for a geoinformation service in general where a Geoinformation product is traded. A Geoinformation product is defined as a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular user’s question. The provider of a geoinformation service has to select the medium of delivery and the price for the service. We concentrate on geomarketing services provided online through the Internet. The service is mostly done automatically, and not by a human. Usually no physical good is exchanged. Gathering information about the product, placing the order, and payment is done over electronic network. In the sections 5 and 6 we analyze different pricing strategies for geographic information and their Pareto efficiency. The s ituation is called to be Pareto efficient when the user’s and service provider’s surplus is maximized. We review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing and explain in which cases they conform to the Pareto efficiency. Setting a price equal to marginal cost is not economically viable since such a price does not cover fixed cost. Some examples of nonlinear pricing, such as quantity discounts, term-volume commitments, and list of price options satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if certain conditions are satisfied. We conclude with the list of the most important conditions for the Pareto efficient pricing of geomarketing service. They can be applied to geoinformation services in general. 2 Geomarketing Services A geomarketing service is a service of providing geomarketing information to the user. Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. This information can be delivered to the user in a different form, format and through different media. Geomarketing information is gathered from internal company’s data, which are combined with external demographic, statistic and geographic data. A geoinformation that satisfies a particular information need in a specific decision making situation is called a Geoinformation product. 2.1 Geomarketing Data Geomarketing data consists of internal company’s data and external data. Internal data (the rate of sale, current customers profiles, etc.) is collected and maintained by the company itself. External data comes in a variety of formats and forms, as a collection of numbers, reports, maps, etc., and is gathered by different institutions. Demographic and statistic data is collected and maintained by Statistical Offices and aggregated to a certain extent. Geographic data is provided in Europe mostly by National Mapping Agencies, in USA by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Because of this broad variety of data, their structure, content and formats, they cannot be easily integrated and are not straightforward usable by a non-technical user. 2.2. Geomarketing Information: a Product The source of geomarketing information is geomarketing data. Specialized companies collect the data from different sources, combine them, sort and filter them. For example, the statistical and demographic data have spatial dimension, which is usually given by the street name and house number. This data has to be geocoded in order to link the attributes (purchasing power, age, educational structure, etc.) with geographic data. The providers identify dimensions of data that are valuable for a certain group of users, package them and offer them as a Geoinformation product. A Geoinformation product is a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular user’s question. The answer to the question can come in many different forms; as a selected dataset, combination of datasets, a report, a map, etc. To make the geomarketing service feasible, some in advance designed steps and analyses are offered to the user. The most common are customer profile, site selection, and market penetration. 3 Internet as a Medium of Delivery The Internet changes the way transactions are done. User and seller can enter an electronic relationship without personal contact. The buyer can place an order any time (from the seat at home, late in the evening) and can take as much time as he wants or needs to take the decision about the purchase. Searching for the right product over e-network, he can get comparable information about similar products from other companies, their characteristics and prices. Cooperation with potential and current users of geoinformation services is important. In the Internet world, the gap between service-consumers and services-providers blurs. â€Å"Consumers become involved in the actual production process, their ideas, knowledge, information become part of the product specification process† (Tapscott 1996). In a geomarketing service, usually no physical good is exchanged. The user gets o the result of nly the analysis, the answer to his question. Even more advanced geomarketing services offer the possibility of uploading the data of the user on the provider’s server and combining these data with the collection of the data on the server. A service offered via Internet involves less administration, paper work, and less human resources, which reduces transaction costs. Direct connection to the computer accounting system can provide systematic and efficient registration of the transactions. Security and protection mechanisms enable the service provider to follow and control transactions. Selecting a proper pricing policy in order to attract widespread use of the service is of great importance. In the next sections, we review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing, and analyze their Pareto efficiency. 4 Pareto Efficiency The situation is Pareto efficient if there is no way to make both the user and the service provider better off. The sum of the user’s and provider’s surplus is maximized. It can be a understood lso as maximizing the difference between economic benefits and costs which appear on the user’s as well as on the provider’s side. The economic benefits are the benefits of using the product on the product has to him with his willingness to pay for the marginal unit of the product. If he expects high benefits, he will be willing to pay a high price for the product. Cost incurred on the provider side is mostly high fixed cost of designing and creating the Geoinformation product and enabling the service, and low marginal cost of providing an incremental unit of the product. The user’s cost is the price he pays for the product, the transaction cost and the cost associated with acquiring the information about the product. 5 Marginal Cost Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Marginal cost pricing is pricing where the price equals the marginal cost. The cost of an economic good is an important determinant of how much the producer will be willing to produce. The concept of â€Å"marginal† or â€Å"extra† cost is crucial for the situation on the market of economic goods. It has an important role in appraising how efficient or inefficient any particular price and production pattern is (Samuelson 1967). This observation is valuable for the standard economic good where the total cost of producing the product depends on the quantity produced. The cost structure a Geoinformation product substantially differs from the cost structure of the standard economic good. The total cost of producing the product is mostly a high fixed cost of collecting the data and designing the product, and is not recoverable if the production is halted (sunk cost). The marginal cost of producing t e second and each additional copy of the product is h very low or zero, mostly the cost of disseminating the product. The share of the marginal cost in the total cost of production is negligible. Marginal cost pricing of a Geoinformation product would according to the marginal cost pricing scheme imply very low or zero price. â€Å"Pricing at marginal cost may or may not be efficient: it depends on how the consumers’ total willingness to pay relates to the total cost of providing the good† (Varian 1999). At the first stage of the production, the datasets have low value to most users and they have low willingness to pay for them. The high cost of producing the datasets cannot be recovered. M arginal cost pricing does not imply efficiency because it does not cover the total costs of producing a Geoinformation product. 6 Nonlinear Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Pricing is nonlinear when it is not strictly proportional to the quantity purchas ed. Different prices are charged to different groups of buyers or the same product. Nonlinear pricing is also used in a f broader sense to include the practice of selling the same product on different markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. Good examples are phone rates, frequent flyer programs, and electricity (Wilson 1993). The first notion about charging different users differently for the same product was called price discrimination (Pigou 1920) and distinguished among three different forms of discrimination. 6.1 Price Discrimination Pigou (Pigou 1920) first used the term price discrimination and he described the following forms of nonlinear pricing: †¢ First-degree price discrimination The first-degree price discrimination is sometimes known as perfect price discrimination. The producer sells different units of output at different prices and these prices may differ from buyer to buyer. The buyer pays the maximum price that he is willing to pay, irrespective of the cost of production and supply. Usually it is difficult to determine what is the maximum price someone is willing to pay for the product. †¢ Second-degree price discrimination The producer sells different units of output at different prices, but every individual who buys t e h same amount of the good pays the same price. Second-degree price discrimination is much more common in practice. Good examples of this discrimination are volume discounts and coupons. †¢ Third-degree price discrimination The producer sells the output to different people at different prices, but every unit of output sold to a given person sells at the same price. Customers are divided into more groups, which have different demand curves and different price elasticity. The highest price is charged to the groups with the lowest elasticity. Examples of this discrimination are student discounts. 6.2 Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff is an example of a nonlinear pricing and consists of two parts. The first part of the tariff usually comes in the form of a membership, an annual or monthly license and is supposed to cover fixed cost. The second part of the tariff is related to the usage (number of reports transferred, number of bits, layers, etc.) and covers the incremental cost. This pricing scheme is often used in telecommunication. Users are charged for the connection to the network and additionally for the usage. Two-part tariff pricing scheme can be very naturally applied to a geomarketing service. The first part of the tariff represents a membership fee, an annual or monthly licence for access to the data, reports and maps; the second part is a n additional fee usually based on the volume transferred. Price P for a geoinformation service is then P = p0 + p v.q where p0 pv q fixed fee (annual, monthly, membership, etc.) price set for a volume transferred quantity transferred. The revenue collected from the first part of the tariff (p0 ) is supposed to cover the fixed cost of producing the first copy of the Geoinformation product. The price of u sage (pv ) should cover the incremental cost and the cost of transaction. The combination of the membership and usage constructed for the predicted demand is set so that the company’s total cost is recovered. How high the fixed fee and the price of usage s hould be is an important question. Availability of the raw data at low price will change the nature of the market. The price for both parts of the tariff (p0 and pv ) will form according to the equilibrium rules of supply and demand. 6.3 Pareto Efficiency of the Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff can disadvantage a certain segment of the users. Imagine a geomarketing service company offering geographic data over the Internet. For the simplicity of reasoning, imagine there exist two segments of users; those who use data on a regular basis and have a high willingness to pay (governmental institutions, ministries, utilities, etc.), and those who seldom need data (students, individuals, small and medium companies, etc.) and have low willingness to pay. In this case, a high fixed fee excludes the users with low willingness to pay, occasional users who need only a small volume of the data and are not willing to pay an annual membership fee or a license. The necessary condition for Pareto efficiency is not satisfied. 6.4 Quantity Discounts Quantity discounts are a form of a nonlinear price where the provider charges a lower price for a higher volume purchased. The opportunity of selling high volumes at a low price is often neglected in geoinformation business. Increased revenue from the higher volume at lower price enables the provider to improve the service and reduce prices for all users. The quantity discounts are usually designed in order to stimulate sales, but can complicate the billing and accounting system. Pareto efficiency of quantity discounts depends on the volume-price categories offered by the service provider. This pricing strategy might disadvantage users with low willingness to pay, not being able to pay nor interested in purchasing higher volumes. 6.5 Term-Volume Commitments According to this strategy the user agrees with the service provider to pay a certain amount of money for the service in advance. The payment is set according to the predicted demand for the service. This kind of agreement usually involves some discounts, because the whole payment is done at once and at the beginning of the period. Short-term contracts involve lower reduction in price than longer contracts. This strategy reduces billing and accounting cost and is often used by Internet providers. For example, â€Å"a one-year-term commitment to spend $2000/month obtains a discount of 18%â€Å" (Gong and Srinagesh 1998), for the 5 -year contracts the Internet providers use up to 60% discount. Term-volume commitments satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if the user can choose among different schemes and are designed indiscriminately. 6.6 List of Price Options Different pricing options can be combined and offered as a list of price options. In geomarketing services, the two-part tariff is often combined with an additional pricing option, the uniform pricing scheme. Under the uniform pricing scheme, the user pays the price (p2 ), which is proportional to the data transferred. Usually the tariff per volume purchased (p2 ) is higher in the uniform pricing scheme than the price (p1 ) proposed in the two-part tariff scheme, but the user need not pay an annual membership fee or license. The user profits if he is an occasional user, who needs a small volume of data. The sum he is willing to pay in this case is lower than the annual membership or license fee plus the cost of the data transferred.

Free Essays on God’s Existence In Modern American Schools

Everyone has a parent, someone from whom they were born. Most American’s have parental figures in their life whether it’s a mom and dad, two mommies, or two daddies. However since the beginning of time there has always been another figure in life, God. He has been a guiding light in dark times, an ear to talk to, and inspiration to many Americans. However as children grow, all fathers should come to realize that the children would grow apart and start a new life without him in their lives, or is this Holy Father different? America was founded on Christianity beliefs originally. Most people traveled here to be free and practice their religion without persecution. After hundred’s of years of keeping God involved in our American lifestyle, we have ‘thrown’ him away, and now we are trying to get him back. John Riley, staff correspondent for NEWSDAY, wrote an article about the issue of God in our American schools. The article is about what students should learn in school about the development and evolution of man in biology in Dover Pennsylvania. Some people believe that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution should continue to be taught as apposed to the Intellectual design. Darwin’s theory accounts for some of scientific theory based upon factual findings by Darwin himself. However there are gaps in Darwin’s theory that can’t be explained scientifically. That is where Intellectual design comes in. Intellectual design is the explanation of evolution and the creation of man from God himself from the Holy book. The Dover population would like to learn an alternative to Darwin’s theory; however the only choice they have is Intellectual design. â€Å"All the ‘alternatives’ to evolution are religion- or creation based,† (column 4, line 17) is w here one commenter stands. John Riley wrote a well written article based upon a heated subject. The context is easily understandable for most age groups, especially young readers. The use... Free Essays on God’s Existence In Modern American Schools Free Essays on God’s Existence In Modern American Schools Everyone has a parent, someone from whom they were born. Most American’s have parental figures in their life whether it’s a mom and dad, two mommies, or two daddies. However since the beginning of time there has always been another figure in life, God. He has been a guiding light in dark times, an ear to talk to, and inspiration to many Americans. However as children grow, all fathers should come to realize that the children would grow apart and start a new life without him in their lives, or is this Holy Father different? America was founded on Christianity beliefs originally. Most people traveled here to be free and practice their religion without persecution. After hundred’s of years of keeping God involved in our American lifestyle, we have ‘thrown’ him away, and now we are trying to get him back. John Riley, staff correspondent for NEWSDAY, wrote an article about the issue of God in our American schools. The article is about what students should learn in school about the development and evolution of man in biology in Dover Pennsylvania. Some people believe that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution should continue to be taught as apposed to the Intellectual design. Darwin’s theory accounts for some of scientific theory based upon factual findings by Darwin himself. However there are gaps in Darwin’s theory that can’t be explained scientifically. That is where Intellectual design comes in. Intellectual design is the explanation of evolution and the creation of man from God himself from the Holy book. The Dover population would like to learn an alternative to Darwin’s theory; however the only choice they have is Intellectual design. â€Å"All the ‘alternatives’ to evolution are religion- or creation based,† (column 4, line 17) is w here one commenter stands. John Riley wrote a well written article based upon a heated subject. The context is easily understandable for most age groups, especially young readers. The use...

Cellphones Play Important Roles in Communication

Nowadays, there is no one who was not use a gadget like cell phones from old communication likes post mail to high technology that make the communication simple, fast and affordable. wherever people may go and whoever they want to talk. Cell phone make it easier to keep in touch to our family and friends. Communication is the most basic element of the society. And with the technology today people are able to communicate effectively and easily in just a click. Cellphones play important roles in communication nowadays. Not only in calling, people today also uses cellphones in communicating in social media. And it’s been a habit of people to use cellphones to interact in social media by sharing their thoughts, knowledge, opinions, and experiences. Like emergency situations, in case like forgot your keys at home, got injury and also improve knowledge could use phone to internet and learn somethingfrom it. In miss understanding in class, could use it to email your teacher as soon as possible and call classmate for help. And on events around the world, today all phones have new apps. With cellphones came the most useful invention, which was internet. The internet is a great tool as it allows anyone to find information on any of the imaginable topic in seconds. The internet allows to purchase or sell any product anywhere around the world. Social networking is even possible with the help of it people can interact with one another and can create new bonds. There are different kind of people in the world including shy, anti social and various others. Cellphones have many features, which allow shy people to interact with someone on internet without hesitation and increase their confidence. But there are certain factors that contribute and affect a person who is using a cellphone regularly and more often.

A Quit Smoking Education Program For Parents Assignment

A Quit Smoking Education Program For Parents - Assignment Example Instead, what works for one may not work for another user, and vice versa. Nonetheless, certain key factors (a ‘best-practice’ process) assist most people to quit: the user should make the decision to quit; set a quit date; prepare on how to react to quitting obstacles; getting support family, friends or even successful quitters; if necessary, get medication; and finally stay quit by finding ways to deal with relapse and sustaining the quit status (Stead et al., 2008). In order to generate a cost-effective delivery model, and eventually succeed in implementing an improved curriculum, a healthy canteen, a staff exercises group and a school vegetable garden. For an improved curriculum, a number of decisions and planning steps need to be followed when preparing each aspect. The instructors should equip themselves for the challenge, without continuous training ensured to equip them with the necessary skills; both in helping the users opting out of smoking as well as those in need for advice against the practice. Once the course has been developed, assessment instruments should also be generated in form of checklists, objective tests, or rubrics (Jarvis & Wardle, 1999). However, for the medical attention that might be required by the smokers battling with relapse, the medical staff should ensure availability, sustainability, and continuity. As such, patients can benefit from ‘walk-in’ sessions, appointment and patient-follow-up system, and availability regardless of pharmacist workload. Jarvis, M, & Wardle, J. (1999). Social patterning of individual health behaviors: the case of cigarette smoking. In Marmot M, Wilkinson R, editors Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University  Press.